Biology reports that scientists from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne have developed a new "guide" that can be used to accurately predict the quality of proteins produced by a particular gene under various conditions. This research work will help biologists manipulate cells. The research results were published in the journal Nature Genetics on August 18. Genes are fragments of DNA that monitor the formation of our bodies within our cells. They receive orders to produce specific proteins; these proteins are the building blocks of everything in our body from organs to hemoglobin in red blood cells. So our genes determine what we look like. The process of producing proteins from genes is called gene expression, which is very complex and depends on many different interrelated factors. Protein affects genes, which in turn affects proteins. Until now biologists have not fully understood how it works and what controls the system. Lausanne Federal Institute of Technology graduate students Arun Rajkumar and Nicolas Denervaud, and researcher Sebastian Maerkl recently clarified these processes. They developed a gene expression guideline that revealed the mechanism by which protein quality is controlled. Genes are not simply "on" or "off" At the beginning of each gene is a piece of DNA called a promoter, which plays an important role in protein production. When the promoter is activated, the gene generates mRNA molecules, which in turn direct protein production. But genes are not simply "turned on" or "turned off", the quality of the protein they produce can vary greatly. Researchers in the Maerkl laboratory have developed a model to clarify all the changes that exist between "open" and "close". Compared to the on / off button, the dimmer switch research team used yeast cells, a model system used to study many processes in human cells, to carry out research work. They generated 209 different promoters and integrated them into the yeast genome. Then the 209 yeast strains were placed in a microfluidic device, and the protein quality of each of the 209 synthetic promoters was determined by fluorescence method. "Our in vivo research results are consistent with those seen in vitro. This means that we can develop a computer model to predict gene expression levels based on in vitro data. Specifically, this work represents a 'gene expression instruction manual ', You can predict how different promoter structures can lead to different protein qualities. We confirmed that just one or two changes in the promoter can fine-tune the output of the promoter, which is a bit like a lamp On the dimmer switch, you can set any brightness, "Professor Maerkl said. Custom engineered cells are coming soon? Professor Maerkl's research work is applicable to all yeast promoters, and it represents an important research breakthrough. Because it provides knowledge about biological processes, it will improve our ability to manipulate cells. Professor Maerkl said: "We are only just beginning to understand the relevant phenomena. But this work is promising. If we can understand biology better, we should be able to artificially construct better-operating cells, which are more suitable for To produce, for example, biofuels or antimalarial drugs. " Paper Stick,Paper Stick Cotton Swab,Paper Cotton Stick,Head Paper Stick Cotton Swab COTTONWHISPER (TAIZHOU) DAILY PRODUCTS CO.,LTD , https://www.zjcosmeticpuff.com