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After “receiving†the features of other media, as the basis for their own regeneration or foothold, the layout of newspapers is basically stereotyped. "USA Today" is "a collection of great works" and has become a milestone in the layout of newspapers. Since then, the layout of western newspapers has stabilized, and although there are thousands of newspapers, there are no new designs.
Theoretical Research: Rational Point of Layout Change As early as the beginning of the 20th century, research on visual communication design has begun. Layout design is also an important part of it. However, the "layout design" research at that time focused more on posters, magazines and books. The layout of the newspapers was not taken seriously. The design mainly focused on designing new fonts and occasionally designing a new one. However, after the 1960s, the theoretical research results obtained in the design of visual communication were creatively applied to the layout of newspapers through designers and scholars, and they became a great force for promoting the evolution of modern layouts. As Daryl Moen (points out, "the vast majority of modern designers belong to two major schools of thought: Bauhaus/Swiss-Mondriaan theory and the Pushpin Studio"." 11. "Push Thumb Studio "Push Pin Studio" stands for the traditional layout, which pursues the decorative, expressive, and deliberate irrationality of the design, and advocates "the new day and the new day." Representatives of Bauhaus/Swiss-Mondrian The Bauhaus School was founded in the Bauhaus School in Germany at the beginning of this century. This was a study of architectural design. Later, many of its design concepts, especially the "form obey function" and "design for human purpose". In the 1950s, the “International Layout Style†that emerged in Switzerland followed and developed the Bauhaus School’s concept of layout design, which emphasizes pragmatism, formality, and rationality. "To be consistent and not change." It is this faction that has launched the "static layout" and "modular design" that have become popular so far.
Static layout. The Dynamic Page advocated by Pushpin Studio is a traditional layout style. Until the mid-1970s, it was still the editor's first choice for layout design. Emilio Pucci, the designer of this genre, designed and painted a series of different designs for the Louisville Times during his 1974 newspaper design seminar in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. The decorative headers, and advocate a change every day, to convey a "beauty message." With the continuous increase of newspaper pages, the need to find oneself as quickly as possible has become a reader's demand for newspapers. The "Static Page" launched by the "Bauhaus/Swiss-Mondrian" group gradually replaced the "dynamic layout" and became the mainstream of the layout style. The so-called "static layout" means that each day's design style and even the design form are consistent and do not pursue changes; the newspapers of the same day and even the design of each edition are all roughly the same, forming a relatively fixed "information display area." Readers can quickly find information they need or are interested in, just like shopping in a supermarket.
Modular design. During the 1950s, Switzerland developed an "international layout style." It believed that "silver-printed plates express today's spirit of the times." "Mathematical grids are the most readable and harmonious ways of organizing information." The definitive format distributes pictures and text, but the juxtaposition of pictures and text is not simply put together, but develops a formal rule from the combination of each other. The core of this "style" is actually "modular design." The modular design is based on the grid system. Each manuscript forms a regular rectangle and is separated from other manuscripts with a frame or blank. Readers will not be serialized or misread during reading. The phenomenon greatly facilitates the reading of readers. Also, because the rectangle can be placed anywhere on the layout, the editor can quickly remove the manuscript. Initially, "modular design" was used by magazine editors. It was not until 1963 that Peter Palazzo redesigned the New York Herald Tribune's layout to introduce "modular design" into newspaper design. He reduced the number of articles in each edition, designed a wider column, increased layout space, adopted appropriate layout ratios, used photos reasonably, and better organized columns and graphic layouts, which reflected Bao Hao. Sri Lanka "The purpose of design is for people". The revision of the Minneapolis Tribune in the 1970s adopted a modular layout in full, allowing the traditional "interspersed design" to be abdicated as an "auxiliary" means.
"Fast facts" point of view. The "quick read" was proposed by American newspaper designer Howard and put into practice in layout design. For example, designing "reading" on the front page, displaying the important content of the inner page, so that readers can quickly locate, eliminating the pain of a thick newspaper from beginning to end; also, for example, set a "quick read" under the concise title. The title is “Facts/Impactâ€, or a “Puzzle†(Nut Graphs) is arranged next to the title with a font and font size that is clearly different from the text, and the main facts of the entire report and the lives of people The impact of the concise is marked, so that the reader can understand the content of the event and its significance in the shortest possible time. Another example is that the current newspaper uses schematic diagrams to explain the news, making it intuitive, visual, and convenient for readers to read and understand. In addition, a large number of blanks can make the layout clear and breathable. The split manuscript + configuration subtitles can also allow readers to have a basic understanding of the content and structure of long manuscripts in a very short period of time.
Edmund C. Qrnold, a professor at Syracuse University, pioneered the emphasis on layout. As early as the early 60s, he spoke out loudly to the modern style with a simple, attractive style. During the teaching process, he trained many editors who viewed layouts with a “design†perspective. He also influenced the society through writings and dissertations, and made newspapers pay attention to the layout of newspapers. In the 1970s, The New York Times hired art director Lou Silverstein to revise its gray, boring, and overcrowded front pages, relaxing news columns, increasing fonts, and amplifying news photos. And pictures, and flexible use of multiple column titles and layout combinations. According to the 1984 survey, the revised "New York Times" became a professional layout designer and editor of the "National Best Design" newspaper. The success of its revision has led more newspapers to accept the concept of "layout design." In the 1980s, there was a wave of large-scale revisions in the press, and each newspaper was constantly adjusting its layout so that it could achieve the best results in its own positioning. This wave has continued to this day.
It is worth noting that the evolution of newspaper pages is not due to a single factor of “man-to-man combat,†but the above factors are the result of interdependence, mutual influence, and mutual effect: the competition between media and the change of editorial ideas are not limited to printing. Publishing technology constantly puts forward new requirements, stimulating it to be constantly improving and optimizing; the pressure of media competition has allowed editors to constantly improve the design of the layout and make the layout even more attractive to be able to communicate with TV, magazines, and the Internet. Media and other media compete for the attention of the audience to win the opportunity, and the progress of printing and publishing technology provides layout designers with unlimited imagination.
In theory, as long as these factors do not die, they will continue to stimulate the continuous improvement of the layout. However, in reality, the newspaper seems to have finally pushed the publishing industry of ink on paper to its limit. Because, since the publication of "USA Today" in the 1980s, it has caused a huge impact on the newspaper industry. This has caused a major revolution in the layout of newspapers. In the past 20 years, the newspapers have only met their needs in layout design. Some adjustments and enhancements were made to the layout elements, and no new design patterns were proposed. “Many professionals in print media recognize that no new design, content improvements, or more advanced color printing will be possible in the future†(12). However, this does not mean that the layout design will be terminated. With the advancement of the digitalization of newspapers, "layout design" will be more directed at the "page design" on the Internet, and the integration of the multimedia and media functions of the Internet will make the "layout" elements more diverse, and the design means will be more rich. A forum-based change based on new technologies will emerge in the near future.
Cai Wen: Analysis of the Reform of Western Newspaper Layout and Its Causes (Part Two)
Newspapers' use of the Internet for reference and innovation The advantage of the Internet in newspapers lies in its vast amount of information, the convenience of links, and the diversity of information presentation methods. And its home page is a “window of windowâ€, which can be linked to relevant articles by clicking on each title. Although, due to the limited layout, the unlimited amount of information can not be achieved, many newspapers have taken some positive measures to try to remedy these deficiencies. For example, "USA Today" is accompanied by an index of information at the end of multiple reports. Readers can find out more information to find out in order; some newspapers, especially small newspapers such as the Morning Post, have their headlines on the front page, There are several types of indexing and "At-a-glance Box", which establishes links to the inner pages, but does not have a manuscript (Text), which is somewhat similar to the home page of the website; most newspapers also make full use of the Layout elements, together with several different ways to build a package (Report the News), text + photos + schematics, create a “multimedia†impression on the audience psychology.